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| GAEPO, Seúl. Centro de comercio y servicios. |
The Land Readjustment Program began with the Joseon Town Planning Ordinance in June 1934 while Korea was still under Japanese colonial rule. In February 1937, Seoul chose Donam and Yeongdeungpo districts as the first areas and Daehyeon as the second. The program was implemented in 10 districts spanning over 16,952,000 m² between 1937 and 1945. In the 1950s, the program was implemented in Central District 1 and 2 (1,202,000 m²) as a post-war restoration project.
In Seoul, the Land Readjustment Program reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1960s, the program expanded to include 20 districts (63,674,000 m²) for both 5-Year Economic Development plans and develop- ment of new built-up areas. In the 1970s, the program was implemented in 14 districts (49,650,000 m²). If housing site development1 prior to 1962 was conducted on the premise that detached houses would be built pursuant to the Joseon Town Planning Ordinance, the site development programs that followed were done as part of the Land Readjustment and the Residential Site Development programs, thanks to relevant laws and institutional framework such as the Urban Planning Act and the Land Expropriation Act of 1962. During this period, residential areas occupied by detached houses – such as 100,000 Hwagok Complex of (1965) – were developed sporadically, while some large apartment complexes – Mapo Apartment (1961) and Civil Servant Apartment (1966, Hangang Apartment) in Dongbu, Ichon-dong – were also developed as part of the government’s pilot program. Development of apartment complexes in and around Yeongdong.
Most of the housing site development around this time was based on the Land Readjustment Program Act. This Act was modified to allow for development of apartment complexes in detached housing areas. In December 1975, the Land Readjustment Program Act was revised to designate group sites to secure land for apartment construction. In January 1976, the “Apartment District System” was introduced to allow the addition of districts for apartment construction on top of the ones specified in the Urban Planning Act, to require developers to build apartment complexes. With this change, most residential areas began to see apartments rise, mostly centered in the Gangnam area. This development of Gangnam fueled speculation in the property market. Accordingly, the need for more housing sites and housing grew. By December 1977, the Housing Construction Promotion Act had been completely revised, providing a legal basis for housing site development. In 1979, rules on housing construction were set forth to regulate installation of facilities within the residential complex. This subordinate law was put in place to control the quality and level of facilities in complexes built by private developers.
1980s: Reduction of the Land Readjustment Program
In the 1980s, speculation began to create serious problems in terms of housing affordability. Replaced by a new public development plan, the Land eadjustment Program was only conducted on a limited scope in 5 districts (14,541,000 m²), including Gangdong, Gaepo, Garak and Yangjae.
Case: Gaepo District 3
While designating districts for site development, the Ministry of Construction divided Gaepo District into 3 areas, with one area each to be developed y the City of Seoul (5,983,000 m²), the Korea Land Corporation (1,818,000 m²), and the Korea Housing Corporation (602,000 m²). In 1981, land to be developed in all 3 dis- tricts was to be expropriated, but this changed due to the Land Readjustment Program in February 1982. Gaepo District 1 and Gaepo District 2 were thus developed as part of the public development approach by the Korea Land Corporation and the Korea Housing Corporation, while Gaepo District 3 was developed by the City of Seoul based on the Land Readjustment Program. Seoul divided Gaepo District 3 into 2 areas: the east was for multi-unit houses, while the Yangjae area in Seocho-gu and other part were developed as partof the Land Readjustment Program.
The purpose of the plans for Gaepo District 3 was to create idyllic residential areas and an advanced streets- cape, allow for development to meet cultural and consumer needs, and enable private development by pro- viding public programs and infrastructure. Based on the neighborhood unit
theory, a “daily living sphere” was formed, which was hierarchically structured to complete the total spatial structure. The total spatial structure was made up of 4 stages – local center, district center, neighborhood center, and neighborhood precinct.
Detached housing in the area was mostly changed to multi-household/unit dwellings and the number of community facilities increased, weakening the residential function of the area but strengthening its commer- cial functions. Of the existing units, 17.5% are 20 years or older while 66.1% are 10 to 20 years old. There is no concentration of deteriorating houses that are 20 years old or more because most were changed to multi-household/unit dwellings. For the same reason, the unit density of the detached housing area is high, standing at 197 households/ha. However, the sections adjacent to roads measuring 6m or longer are quite good at 70%, with no lot smaller than 90 m². The parking issue is serious however, with about 0.49 spaces per household.
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| GAEPO. Vivienda pública. |
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| GAEPO. Vivienda unifamiliar. |
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| GAEPO. Vivienda multifamiliar. |
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| GAEPO. Oficinas y hoteles. |
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